Geothermal energy, sourced from the geological subsurface and/or unconfined aquifers, plays a crucial role in addressing the energy and environmental challenges of urban areas. By leveraging closed-loop and open-loop geothermal systems, cities can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy sustainability. As urban energy demands grow, geothermal systems offer a promising solution, seamlessly integrating into existing infrastructures. Open-loop systems, with their ability to manage large water volumes and provide continuous heating and cooling, are particularly suited for high-demand buildings. While retrofitting existing structures poses challenges, the long-term benefits include energy efficiency, cost savings, and reduced emissions. Although regulatory frameworks in Italy have advanced to facilitate geothermal installations, particularly for closed-loop systems, complexities remain for open-loop systems due to specific regional administrative procedures. Raising awareness among policymakers and the public, along with fostering collaboration between the public sector, private enterprises, and research institutions, is essential to promoting geothermal adoption. Case studies exemplify the potential of geothermal systems to mitigate urban environmental impacts and support sustainable urban energy futures. Investing in these technologies is vital for fostering greener, more resilient cities and contributing to a global shift toward renewable energy.

Keywords: renewable energy, geothermal energy system, ground source heat pump (GSHP), groundwater heat pump (GWHP).