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Horace can ideally be placed between Lucretius and Seneca for one of the most interesting topoi of his oeuvre: the anxiety (defined by him as funestus ueternus) that restlessly gripped his mind (as happens after all to most men all the time). This disease is caused by the fact that men ignore its origin; they do not realise that it springs from within, but since they think it derives from the place where they dwell, they constantly change caelum, without ever finding relief. Horace’s painful iter towards his peace of mind (animus aequus) can end only as he understands that the only remedy is to rely on philosophy (defined by Cicero as animi medicina), synonymous with virtus and therefore with wisdom. All the steps of this journey, already analysed by Lucretius, are to be found in Seneca as well. It must not be forgotten though that Juvenal too, the last great satirist, states (along with his three great predecessors) that men can attain peace of mind only through uirtus, that makes them absolute masters of their soul, with no god above them.
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